![]() The results confirmed a significant positive correlation between preferred tempo and heart rate. The participants used a computer to control the tempo of the music. To extend this to music stimulation, the relationship between the heart rate and music tempo preference was analyzed. As expected, the preferred tempo was close to the heart rate. In this experiment, the researchers asked the participants to find their favorite tempo through self-regulation of a 440-Hz pure tone. Experiments confirm that people’s preferred music tempo is positively correlated with their heart rate. Notably, arousal intensity is highly positively correlated with heart rate response. In the application of music to sports, the tempo is considered the most important determinant of the response to music and preferences for different tempos are influenced by the listener’s physiological arousal and the context in which the music is heard. Furthermore, the influence of music is related to its internal elements, such as rhythm and musicality, and external factors arising from connections outside of culture and music. The preference of music may mediate its motivational potential to a large extent, which shows that the choice of music has primary significance in determining the benefits that music may bring. Researchers usually use psychological scales, such as the rated perceived exertion (RPE) scale, to assess the fatigue of athletes and explore how their physiological and psychological responses and exercise performances are influenced by different musical elements. Three major factors (pitch, timbre, and rhythm of songs) affect the performance of various sports players. ![]() ![]() The influence of music on both psychology and exercise has been extensively studied. Many elite athletes listen to music during physical training sessions, pre-matches, and warm-ups because they believe that music can improve their mood, inspire them, and help them achieve their best performance level. Several studies have focused on the potential benefits of music in sports. With the increase in recreational and individualized exercise programs, the incorporation of music into training has become more common. Music has become an integral part of sporting events. Recently, the Olympic opening ceremonies, medal award ceremonies, and different competition events (i.e., gymnastics, figure skating) have often shown the prominent position of music in sports events, and music and sports have been increasingly associated. In the future, other musical parameters should be adjusted in real-time based on physiological signals, such as tonality, beats, chords, and orchestration. The algorithms of synchronous and asynchronous modes in this study can be adjusted and applied to other sports fields or recovery after exercise. All self-selected songs can be converted into sports-oriented music using algorithms. Synchronized interactive music allows athletes to increase their heart rate and decrease RPE during exercise and does not require a multitude of preplanned playlists. The experiments showed that listening to interactive music had a significant effect on the heart rate and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) of the basketball player compared to those listening to asynchronous music or no music during exercise ( p < 0.01). ![]() The self-tuning mechanism between the surroundings and the human can be amplified using interactive music tempo control. A total of 23 participants (13 men, 10 women 16–32 years, mean = 20.04 years) who are professionals or school team members further guide a sportsperson to amend their physical tempo to harmonize their psychological and physical states. This paper introduces an interactive music tempo control with closed-loop heart rate feedback to yield a sportsperson with better physio-psychological states.
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